I've Been to the Mountaintop

Dr. Martin Luther King

April 3rd 1968
Memphis, Tennessee

Thank you very kindly, my friends. As I listened to Ralph Abernathy and his eloquent and generous introduction and then thought about myself, I wondered who he was talking about. [laughter] It’s always good to have your closest friend and associate to say something good about you, and Ralph Abernathy is the best friend that I have in the world.  

I’m delighted to see each of you here tonight in spite of a storm warning. You reveal that you are determined (Right) to go on anyhow. (Yeah, All right) Something is happening in Memphis, something is happening in our world. And you know, if I were standing at the beginning of time with  the possibility of taking a kind of general and panoramic view of the whole of human history up to now, and the Almighty said to me, "Martin Luther King, which age would you like to live in?" I would take my mental flight by Egypt (Yeah), and I would watch God’s children in their magnificent trek  from the dark dungeons of Egypt through, or rather, across the Red Sea, through the wilderness, on  toward the Promised Land. And in spite of its magnificence, I wouldn’t stop there. (All right)  

I would move on by Greece, and take my mind to Mount Olympus. And I would see Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Euripides, and Aristophanes assembled around the Parthenon [applause], and I would  watch them around the Parthenon as they discussed the great and eternal issues of reality. But I wouldn’t stop there. (Oh yeah)

I would go on even to the great heyday of the Roman Empire (Yes), and I would see developments around there, through various emperors and leaders. But I wouldn’t stop there. (Keep on)

 I would even come up to the day of the Renaissance and get a quick picture of all that the  Renaissance did for the cultural and aesthetic life of man. But I wouldn’t stop there. (Yeah)

 I would even go by the way that the man for whom I’m named had his habitat, and I would watch  Martin Luther as he tacks his ninety-five theses on the door at the church of Wittenberg. But I  wouldn’t stop there. (All right)

 I would come on up even to 1863 and watch a vacillating president by the name of Abraham Lincoln  finally come to the conclusion that he had to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. But I wouldn’tstop there. (Yeah) [applause]

 I would even come up to the early thirties and see a man grappling with the problems of the  bankruptcy of his nation, and come with an eloquent cry that "we have nothing to fear but fear  itself." But I wouldn’t stop there. (All right)

 Strangely enough, I would turn to the Almighty and say, "If you allow me to live just a few years in  the second half of the twentieth century, I will be happy." [applause]

 Now that’s a strange statement to make because the world is all messed up. The nation is sick,  trouble is in the land, confusion all around. That’s a strange statement. But I know, somehow, that  only when it is dark enough can you see the stars. (All right, Yes) And I see God working in this  period of the twentieth century in a way that men in some strange way are responding. Something  is happening in our world. (Yeah) The masses of people are rising up. And wherever they are  assembled today, whether they are in Johannesburg, South Africa; Nairobi, Kenya; Accra, Ghana;  New York City; Atlanta, Georgia; Jackson, Mississippi; or Memphis, Tennessee, the cry is always  the same: "We want to be free." [applause]

 And another reason that I’m happy to live in this period is that we have been forced to a point where  we are going to have to grapple with the problems that men have been trying to grapple with  through history, but the demands didn’t force them to do it. Survival demands that we grapple with  them. (Yes) Men for years now have been talking about war and peace. But now no longer can they  just talk about it. It is no longer a choice between violence and nonviolence in this world; it’s  nonviolence or nonexistence. That is where we are today. [applause]

 And also, in the human rights revolution, if something isn’t done and done in a hurry to bring the  colored peoples of the world out of their long years of poverty, their long years of hurt and neglect,  the whole world is doomed. (All right) [applause] Now I’m just happy that God has allowed me to  live in this period, to see what is unfolding. And I’m happy that he’s allowed me to be in Memphis.  (Oh yeah)  I can remember [applause], I can remember when Negroes were just going around, as Ralph has  said so often, scratching where they didn’t itch and laughing when they were not tickled. [laughter,  applause] But that day is all over. (Yeah) [applause] We mean business now and we are  determined to gain our rightful place in God’s world. (Yeah) [applause] And that’s all this whole  thing is about. We aren’t engaged in any negative protest and in any negative arguments with  anybody. We are saying that we are determined to be men. We are determined to be people.  (Yeah) We are saying [applause], we are saying that we are God’s children. (Yeah) [applause] And  if we are God’s children, we don’t have to live like we are forced to live.  Now what does all of this mean in this great period of history? It means that we’ve got to stay  together. (Yeah) We’ve got to stay together and maintain unity. You know, whenever Pharaoh  wanted to prolong the period of slavery in Egypt, he had a favorite, favorite formula for doing it.  What was that? He kept the slaves fighting among themselves. [applause] But whenever the slaves  get together, something happens in Pharaoh’s court, and he cannot hold the slaves in slavery.  When the slaves get together, that’s the beginning of getting out of slavery. [applause] Now let us  maintain unity.  

Secondly, let us keep the issues where they are. (Right) The issue is injustice. The issue is the  refusal of Memphis to be fair and honest in its dealings with its public servants, who happen to be  sanitation workers [applause]. Now we’ve got to keep attention on that. (That’s right) That’s always  the problem with a little violence. You know what happened the other day, and the press dealt only  with the window breaking. (That’s right) I read the articles. They very seldom got around to  mentioning the fact that 1,300 sanitation workers are on strike, and that Memphis is not being fair to  them, and that Mayor Loeb is in dire need of a doctor. They didn’t get around to that. (Yeah)  [applause]

 Now we’re going to march again, and we’ve got to march again (Yeah), in order to put the issue  where it is supposed to be (Yeah) [applause] and force everybody to see that there are thirteen  hundred of God’s children here suffering (That’s right), sometimes going hungry, going through dark  and dreary nights wondering how this thing is going to come out. That’s the issue. (That’s right) And  we’ve got to say to the nation, we know how it’s coming out. For when people get caught up with  that which is right and they are willing to sacrifice for it, there is no stopping point short of victory.  [applause]

 We aren’t going to let any mace stop us. We are masters in our nonviolent movement in disarming  police forces. They don’t know what to do. I’ve seen them so often. I remember in Birmingham,  Alabama, when we were in that majestic struggle there, we would move out of the Sixteenth Street  Baptist Church day after day. By the hundreds we would move out, and Bull Connor would tell them  to send the dogs forth, and they did come. But we just went before the dogs singing, "Ain’t gonna  let nobody turn me around." [applause] Bull Connor next would say, "Turn the fire hoses on." (Yeah)  And as I said to you the other night, Bull Connor didn’t know history. He knew a kind of physics that  somehow didn’t relate to the trans-physics that we knew about. And that was the fact that there was  a certain kind of fire that no water could put out. [applause] And we went before the fire hoses.  (Yeah) We had known water. (All right) If we were Baptist or some other denominations, we had  been immersed. If we were Methodist and some others, we had been sprinkled. But we knew water.  That couldn’t stop us. [applause]

 And we just went on before the dogs and we would look at them, and we’d go on before the water  hoses and we would look at it. And we’d just go on singing, "Over my head, I see freedom in the  air." (Yeah) [applause] And then we would be thrown in to paddy wagons, and sometimes we were  stacked in there like sardines in a can. (All right) And they would throw us in, and old Bull would  say, "Take ’em off." And they did, and we would just go on in the paddy wagon singing, "We Shall  Overcome." (Yeah) And every now and then we’d get in jail, and we’d see the jailers looking  through the windows being moved by our prayers (Yes) and being moved by our words and our  songs. (Yes) And there was a power there which Bull Connor couldn’t adjust to (All right), and so  we ended up transforming Bull into a steer, and we won our struggle in Birmingham. [applause]

 Now we’ve got to go on in Memphis just like that. I call upon you to be with us when we go out  Monday. (Yes) Now about injunctions. We have an injunction and we’re going into court tomorrow  morning (Go ahead) to fight this illegal, unconstitutional injunction. All we say to America is be true  to what you said on paper. [applause] If I lived in China or even Russia, or any totalitarian country,  maybe I could understand some of these illegal injunctions. Maybe I could understand the denial of  certain basic First Amendment privileges, because they haven’t committed themselves to that over  there. But somewhere I read of the freedom of assembly. Somewhere I read (Yes) of the freedom      of speech. (Yes) Somewhere I read (All right ) of the freedom of press. (Yes) Somewhere I read  (Yes) that the greatness of America is the right to protest for right. [applause] And so just as I say  we aren’t going to let any dogs or water hoses turn us around, we aren’t going to let any injunction  turn us around. [applause] We are going on. We need all of you.  

You know, what’s beautiful to me is to see all of these ministers of the Gospel. (Amen) It’s a  marvelous picture. (Yes) Who is it that is supposed to articulate the longings and aspirations of the  people more than the preacher? Somehow the preacher must have a kind of fire shut up in his  bones (Yes), and whenever injustice is around he must tell it. (Yes) Somehow the preacher must be  an Amos, who said, "When God speaks, who can but prophesy?" (Yes) Again with Amos, "Let  justice roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream." (Yes) Somehow the preacher  must say with Jesus, "The spirit of the Lord is upon me (Yes), because he hath anointed me (Yes),  and he's anointed me to deal with the problems of the poor." (Go ahead)

 And I want to commend the preachers, under the leadership of these noble men: James Lawson,  one who has been in this struggle for many years. He’s been to jail for struggling; he’s been kicked  out of Vanderbilt University for this struggling; but he’s still going on, fighting for the rights of his  people. [applause] Reverend Ralph Jackson, Billy Kiles; I could just go right on down the list, but  time will not permit. But I want to thank all of them, and I want you to thank them because so often  preachers aren’t concerned about anything but themselves. [applause] And I’m always happy to  see a relevant ministry. It’s all right to talk about long white robes over yonder, in all of its  symbolism, but ultimately people want some suits and dresses and shoes to wear down here.  [applause] It’s all right to talk about streets flowing with milk and honey, but God has commanded  us to be concerned about the slums down here and His children who can’t eat three square meals a  day. [applause] It’s all right to talk about the new Jerusalem, but one day God’s preacher must talk  about the new New York, the new Atlanta, the new Philadelphia, the new Los Angeles, the new  Memphis, Tennessee. [applause] This is what we have to do.

 Now the other thing we’ll have to do is this: always anchor our external direct action with the power  of economic withdrawal. Now we are poor people, individually we are poor when you compare us  with white society in America. We are poor. Never stop and forget that collectively, that means all of  us together, collectively we are richer than all the nations in the world, with the exception of nine.  Did you ever think about that? After you leave the United States, Soviet Russia, Great Britain, West  Germany, France, and I could name the others, the American Negro collectively is richer than most  nations of the world. We have an annual income of more than thirty billion dollars a year, which is  more than all of the exports of the United States and more than the national budget of Canada. Did  you know that? That’s power right there, if we know how to pool it. (Yeah) [applause]

 We don’t have to argue with anybody. We don’t have to curse and go around acting bad with our  words. We don’t need any bricks and bottles; we don’t need any Molotov cocktails. (Yes) We just  need to go around to these stores (Yes sir), and to these massive industries in our country, (Amen)  and say, "God sent us by here (All right) to say to you that you’re not treating His children right.  (That’s right) And we’ve come by here to ask you to make the first item on your agenda fair  treatment where God’s children are concerned. Now if you are not prepared to do that, we do have  an agenda that we must follow. And our agenda calls for withdrawing economic support from you."  [applause]  

 And so, as a result of this, we are asking you tonight (Amen) to go out and tell your neighbors not to  buy Coca-Cola in Memphis. (Yeah) [applause] Go by and tell them not to buy Sealtest milk. (Yeah)  [applause] Tell them not to buy—what is the other bread?—Wonder Bread. [applause] And what is  the other bread company, Jesse? Tell them not to buy Hart’s bread. [applause] As Jesse Jackson  has said, up to now only the garbage men have been feeling pain. Now we must kind of redistribute  the pain. [applause] We are choosing these companies because they haven’t been fair in their  hiring policies, and we are choosing them because they can begin the process of saying they are  going to support the needs and the rights of these men who are on strike. And then they can move  on downtown and tell Mayor Loeb to do what is right. (That’s right, Speak) [applause]

 Now not only that, we’ve got to strengthen black institutions. (That’s right, Yeah) I call upon you to  take your money out of the banks downtown and deposit your money in Tri-State Bank. (Yeah)  [applause] We want a "bank-in" movement in Memphis. (Yes) Go by the savings and loan  association. I’m not asking you something that we don’t do ourselves in SCLC. Judge Hooks and  others will tell you that we have an account here in the savings and loan association from the  Southern Christian Leadership Conference. We are telling you to follow what we’re doing, put your  money there. [applause] You have six or seven black insurance companies here in the city of  Memphis. Take out your insurance there. We want to have an "insurance-in." [applause] Now these  are some practical things that we can do. We begin the process of building a greater economic  base, and at the same time, we are putting pressure where it really hurts. (There you go) And I ask  you to follow through here. [applause]

 Now let me say as I move to my conclusion that we’ve got to give ourselves to this struggle until the  end. (Amen) Nothing would be more tragic than to stop at this point in Memphis. We’ve got to see it  through. [applause] And when we have our march, you need to be there. If it means leaving work, if  it means leaving school, be there. [applause] Be concerned about your brother. You may not be on  strike (Yeah), but either we go up together or we go down together. [applause] Let us develop a  kind of dangerous unselfishness.

 One day a man came to Jesus and he wanted to raise some questions about some vital matters of  life. At points he wanted to trick Jesus (That’s right), and show him that he knew a little more than  Jesus knew and throw him off base. [recording interrupted] Now that question could have easily  ended up in a philosophical and theological debate. But Jesus immediately pulled that question  from midair and placed it on a dangerous curve between Jerusalem and Jericho. (Yeah) And he  talked about a certain man who fell among thieves. (Sure) You remember that a Levite (Sure) and a  priest passed by on the other side; they didn’t stop to help him. Finally, a man of another race came  by. (Yes sir) He got down from his beast, decided not to be compassionate by proxy. But he got  down with him, administered first aid, and helped the man in need. Jesus ended up saying this was  the good man, this was the great man because he had the capacity to project the "I" into the "thou,"  and to be concerned about his brother.

 Now, you know, we use our imagination a great deal to try to determine why the priest and the  Levite didn’t stop. At times we say they were busy going to a church meeting, an ecclesiastical  gathering, and they had to get on down to Jerusalem so they wouldn’t be late for their meeting.  (Yeah) At other times we would speculate that there was a religious law that one who was engaged  in religious ceremonials was not to touch a human body twenty-four hours before the ceremony. (All  right) And every now and then we begin to wonder whether maybe they were not going down to      Jerusalem, or down to Jericho, rather, to organize a Jericho Road Improvement Association.  [laughter] That’s a possibility. Maybe they felt that it was better to deal with the problem from the  causal root, rather than to get bogged down with an individual effect. [laughter]

 But I’m going to tell you what my imagination tells me. It’s possible that those men were afraid. You  see, the Jericho Road is a dangerous road. (That’s right) I remember when Mrs. King and I were  first in Jerusalem. We rented a car and drove from Jerusalem down to Jericho. (Yeah) And as soon  as we got on that road I said to my wife, "I can see why Jesus used this as the setting for his  parable." It’s a winding, meandering road. (Yes) It’s really conducive for ambushing. You start out in  Jerusalem, which is about twelve hundred miles, or rather, twelve hundred feet above sea level.  And by the time you get down to Jericho fifteen or twenty minutes later, you’re about twenty-two  hundred feet below sea level. That’s a dangerous road. (Yes) In the days of Jesus it came to be  known as the "Bloody Pass." And you know, it’s possible that the priest and the Levite looked over  that man on the ground and wondered if the robbers were still around. (Go ahead) Or it’s possible  that they felt that the man on the ground was merely faking (Yeah), and he was acting like he had  been robbed and hurt, in order to seize them over there, lure them there for quick and easy seizure.  (Oh yeah) And so the first question that the priest asked, the first question that the Levite asked  was, "If I stop to help this man, what will happen to me?" (All right)  

But then the Good Samaritan came by, and he reversed the question: "If I do not stop to help this  man, what will happen to him?" That’s the question before you tonight. (Yes) Not, "If I stop to help  the sanitation workers, what will happen to my job?" Not, "If I stop to help the sanitation workers,  what will happen to all of the hours that I usually spend in my office every day and every week as a  pastor?" (Yes) The question is not, "If I stop to help this man in need, what will happen to me?" The  question is, "If I do not stop to help the sanitation workers, what will happen to them?" That’s the  question. [applause]

 Let us rise up tonight with a greater readiness. Let us stand with a greater determination. And let us  move on in these powerful days, these days of challenge, to make America what it ought to be. We  have an opportunity to make America a better nation. (Amen)

 And I want to thank God, once more, for allowing me to be here with you. (Yes sir) You know,  several years ago I was in New York City autographing the first book that I had written. And while  sitting there autographing books, a demented black woman came up. The only question I heard  from her was, "Are you Martin Luther King?" And I was looking down writing and I said, "Yes."

 The next minute I felt something beating on my chest. Before I knew it I had been stabbed by this  demented woman. I was rushed to Harlem Hospital. It was a dark Saturday afternoon. And that  blade had gone through, and the X rays revealed that the tip of the blade was on the edge of my  aorta, the main artery. And once that’s punctured you’re drowned in your own blood; that’s the end  of you. (Yes sir) It came out in the New York Times the next morning that if I had merely sneezed, I  would have died.

 Well, about four days later, they allowed me, after the operation, after my chest had been opened  and the blade had been taken out, to move around in the wheelchair in the hospital. They allowed  me to read some of the mail that came in, and from all over the states and the world kind letters  came in. I read a few, but one of them I will never forget. I had received one from the president and  the vice president; I’ve forgotten what those telegrams said. I’d received a visit and a letter from the        governor of New York, but I’ve forgotten what that letter said. (Yes)  

But there was another letter (All right) that came from a little girl, a young girl who was a student at  the White Plains High School. And I looked at that letter and I’ll never forget it. It said simply, "Dear  Dr. King: I am a ninth-grade student at the White Plains High School." She said, "While it should not  matter, I would like to mention that I’m a white girl. I read in the paper of your misfortune and of your  suffering. And I read that if you had sneezed, you would have died. And I’m simply writing you to  say that I’m so happy that you didn’t sneeze." (Yes) [applause]

 And I want to say tonight [applause], I want to say tonight that I, too, am happy that I didn’t sneeze.  Because if I had sneezed, (All right) I wouldn’t have been around here in 1960 (Well), when  students all over the South started sitting-in at lunch counters. And I knew that as they were sitting  in, they were really standing up (Yes sir) for the best in the American dream and taking the whole  nation back to those great wells of democracy, which were dug deep by the founding fathers in the  Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

 If I had sneezed (Yes), I wouldn’t have been around here in 1961, when we decided to take a ride  for freedom and ended segregation in interstate travel. (All right)

 If I had sneezed (Yes), I wouldn’t have been around here in 1962, when Negroes in Albany,  Georgia, decided to straighten their backs up. And whenever men and women straighten their  backs up, they are going somewhere, because a man can’t ride your back unless it is bent.

 If I had sneezed [applause], if I had sneezed, I wouldn’t have been here in 1963 (All right), when the  black people of Birmingham, Alabama, aroused the conscience of this nation and brought into being  the Civil Rights Bill.

 If I had sneezed, I wouldn’t have had a chance later that year, in August, to try to tell America about  a dream that I had had. (Yes)

 If I had sneezed [applause], I wouldn’t have been down in Selma, Alabama, to see the great  movement there.

 If I had sneezed, I wouldn’t have been in Memphis to see a community rally around those brothers  and sisters who are suffering. (Yes) I’m so happy that I didn’t sneeze.

 And they were telling me. [applause] Now it doesn’t matter now. (Go ahead) It really doesn’t matter  what happens now. I left Atlanta this morning, and as we got started on the plane—there were six of  us—the pilot said over the public address system: "We are sorry for the delay, but we have Dr.  Martin Luther King on the plane. And to be sure that all of the bags were checked, and to be sure  that nothing would be wrong on the plane, we had to check out everything carefully. And we’ve had  the plane protected and guarded all night."

 And then I got into Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were  out (Yeah), or what would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers.

 Well, I don’t know what will happen now; we’ve got some difficult days ahead. (Amen) But it really  doesn’t matter with me now, because I’ve been to the mountaintop. (Yeah) [applause] And I don’t  mind. [applause continues] Like anybody, I would like to live a long life—longevity has its place. But  I’m not concerned about that now. I just want to do God’s will. (Yeah) And He’s allowed me to go up      to the mountain. (Go ahead) And I’ve looked over (Yes sir), and I’ve seen the Promised Land. (Go  ahead) I may not get there with you. (Go ahead) But I want you to know tonight, (Yes) that we, as a  people, will get to the Promised Land. [applause] (Go ahead. Go ahead) And so I’m happy tonight;  I’m not worried about anything; I’m not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the  coming of the Lord. [applause]